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The BIS™ monitoring system should not be used as the sole basis for diagnosis or therapy and is intended only as an adjunct in patient assessment. Reliance on the BIS™ monitoring system alone for intraoperative anesthetic management is not recommended.
1. BIS™ Complete Monitoring System - Operators Manual.
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7. White PF, Ma H, Tang J, et al. Does the use of electroencephalographic bispectral index or auditory evoked potential index monitoring facilitate recovery after desflurane anesthesia in the ambulatory setting? Anesthesiology. 2004;100:811-817.
8. Punjasawadwong Y, Boonjeungmonkol N, Phongchiewboon A. Bispectral index for improving anaesthetic delivery and postoperative recovery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(6):CD003843.
9. Chan MT, Cheng BC, Lee TM, Gin T; CODA Trial Group. BIS-guided anesthesia decreases postoperative delirium and cognitive decline. Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2013 Jan; 25(1), 33-42.
10. Inouye SK, et al. Postoperative delirium in older adults: best practice statement from the American Geriatrics Society. Intraoperative Measures to Prevent Delirium. J Am Coll Surg. 2014; 220(2):136-148.e1.
11. Checketts M, Alladi R, Ferguson K., et al. Recommendations for standards of monitoring during anaesthesia and recovery 2015: Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland. Anaesthesia. 2016;71(1):85-93. doi:1111/anae.13316.
12. Nunes R, Fonseca N, Simões C., et al. Brazilian consensus cn anesthetic depth monitoring. Braz JAnesthesiol. 2015;65(6):427-436. doi: 10.1016j.bjane.2015.10.001.
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15. Sieber FE, Zakriya KJ, Gottschalk A, et al. Sedation depth during spinal anesthesia and the development of postoperative delirium in elderly patients undergoing hip fracture repair. Mayo Clin Proc. 2010; 85(1), 18-26.
16. Radtke FM, Franck M, Lendner J, Kruger S, Wernecke KD, Spies CD. Monitoring depth of anaesthesia in a randomized trial decreases the rate of postoperative delirium but not postoperative cognitive dysfunction. Br J Anaesth. 2013; 110 (51):98-1105.
17. Song D, Joshi GP, White PF. Titration of volatile anesthetics using bispectral index facilitates recovery after ambulatory anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 1997;87(4):842–848.
18. Luginbühl M, Wüthrich S, Petersen-Felix S, Zbinden AM, Schnider TW. Different benefit of bispectal index (BIS) in desflurane and propofol anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2003;47(2):165–73.
19. Gan TJ, Glass PS, Windsor A, et al. Bispectral index monitoring allows faster emergence and improved recovery from propofol, alfentanil, and nitrous oxice anesthesia, BIST Utility Study Group. Anesthesiology. 1997:87:808-815.
20. Wong J, Song D, Blanshard H, Grady D, Chung F. Titration of isoflurane using BIS index improves early recovery of elderly patients undergoing orthopedic surgeries. Can J Anaesth. 2002;49(1):13–18. doi:10.1007/BF03020413.
21. Punjasawadwong Y, Chau-In W, Laopaiboon M, Punjasawadwong S, Pin-On P. Processed electroencephalogram and evoked potential techniques for amelioration of postoperative delirium and cognitive dysfunction following non-cardiac and non-neurosurgical procedures in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;5:CD01128.
22. Guidelines - ERAS™* Society. ERAS™* Society. https://erassociety.org/guidelines/. Published 2022. Accessed September 27, 2022.
23. Zhang C, Xu L, Ma Y-Q, et al. BIS™pectral index monitoring prevent awareness during total intravenous anesthesia: a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, multi- center controlled trial. Chin Med J (Engl ). 2011;124 (22 ):3664-9.