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巴雷特食管是一种影响食管内层的癌前病变。它发生在胃酸和酶反流回食管时。随着时间的推移,酸反流造成的慢性损伤会导致食管细胞发生变化。未经治疗的胃食管反流病(GERD)患者常出现巴雷特食管。1据估计,超过95%的巴雷特食管患者也患有胃食管反流病。2
大约1200万美国成人患有巴雷特食管,但只有150万人被确诊。3巴雷特食管是食管癌的主要危险因素,可使人患食管癌的风险增加50倍或以上。4-7
巴雷特食管患者可能不会出现任何症状。但如出现慢性胃灼热、吞咽困难、恶心、胸痛和其他胃食管反流病症状,则可能需要进一步检测。8
除了患有慢性胃灼热外,其他可能导致患上巴雷特食管的风险因素包括:9
巴雷特食管可以进展到更严重的阶段,可能导致患食管腺癌(一种食管癌)。5,6,10
巴雷特食管分为三个阶段,范围从无分化不良的肠上皮化生到高度分化不良。分化不良表示身体组织内存在异常细胞生长。分化不良的存在不认为是癌症,但可能会增加患癌的风险,因此医学指导原则建议进行治疗。11,12
当巴雷特食管中的异常细胞快速而不受控制的生长并侵入食管较深层时,即癌症发生。该类型食管癌称为食管腺癌(EAC),其可扩散到食管以外。
虽然仍认为较罕见,但食管腺癌是美国发病率增长最快的癌症。13,14在1975年至2001年间,食管腺癌的发病率上升约6倍。10此外,死亡率增加7倍以上。15巴雷特食管患者患食管腺癌的风险比未患该病的患者高出30至125倍。16确诊食管癌后,只有18%患者存活5年以上。14
一个好消息是有可行的治疗方法。射频消融已证明可根除巴雷特食管,并显著性降低进展为高度分化不良和食管腺癌的风险。8,17,18
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